Temporary Protected Status (TPS): An Overview

Fact Sheet

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Published: June 25, 2026

Topics: How the Immigration System Works ,   Immigration 101 ,   Refugees and Asylum Seekers ,   Temporary Protected Status
Temporary Protected Status (TPS): An Overview

Temporary Protected Status (TPS) is a temporary immigration status provided to nationals of certain countries experiencing problems that make it difficult or unsafe for their nationals to be deported there.1 TPS has been a lifeline to hundreds of thousands of individuals already in the United States when problems in a home country make their departure or deportation untenable. This fact sheet provides an overview of how TPS designations are determined, what benefits TPS confers, and how TPS beneficiaries apply for and regularly renew their status.

As of March 31, 2025, the last date for which publicly available data exists, there were approximately 1.3 million people with TPS living in the United States.2 Since that date, the Trump administration has terminated or announced its intent to terminate TPS for over 1 million of these individuals, including over 50,000 Hondurans, over 330,000 Haitians and over 600,000 Venezuelans.3 In total, at least 700,000 people lost TPS in 2025 alone.4 These terminations have been challenged in court.5

On June 25, 2026, in the case Mullin v. Doe, the Supreme Court significantly restricted the ability of courts to hear these lawsuits, ruling that courts had no jurisdiction to hear challenges arguing that the Secretary of Homeland Security had broken the law in granting, renewing, or terminating TPS; although the court kept alive the possibility of more narrow lawsuits brought on constitutional grounds.6 This decision significantly impacts ongoing court cases challenging the Trump administration’s decisions to terminate TPS for every country which has come up for renewal since January 2025. However, the decision does not immediately go into effect. This fact sheet will be updated as court cases resolve and final decisions are entered.

What is Temporary Protected Status?

Congress created Temporary Protected Status (TPS) in the Immigration Act of 1990.7 It is a temporary immigration status provided to nationals of specifically designated countries that are confronting an ongoing armed conflict, environmental disaster, or extraordinary and temporary conditions.8 It provides a work permit and protection from deportation to foreign nationals from those countries who are in the United States at the time the U.S. government makes the designation.9

For what reasons can a country be designated for TPS?

A country may be designated for TPS for one or more of the following reasons:10

  • An ongoing armed conflict, such as a civil war, that poses a serious threat to the personal safety of returning nationals;

  • An environmental disaster, such as an earthquake, hurricane, or epidemic, that results in a substantial but temporary disruption of living conditions, and because of which the foreign state is temporarily unable to adequately handle the return of its nationals; or

  • Extraordinary and temporary conditions in the foreign state that prevent its nationals from returning to the state in safety (unless the U.S. government finds that permitting these nationals to remain temporarily in the United States is contrary to the U.S. national interest).

Who has the authority to designate a country for TPS?

The Secretary of Homeland Security has discretion to decide when a country merits a TPS designation.11 The Secretary must consult with other government agencies prior to deciding to designate a country—or part of a country—for TPS.12 Although these other agencies are not specified in the statute, these consultations usually involve the Department of State, the National Security Council, and occasionally the Department of Justice (DOJ). The Secretary’s decision as to whether or not to designate a country for TPS in the first place is not subject to judicial review, according to immigration law. However, some courts have found that the Secretary’s decision to terminate TPS may be subject to limited judicial review in narrow circumstances.

How long are TPS designations?

A TPS designation can be made for 6, 12, or 18 months at a time.13 At least 60 days prior to the expiration of TPS, the Secretary must decide whether to extend or terminate a designation based on an assessment of whether the conditions in the foreign country have materially improved such that the reason for the initial grant of TPS no longer applies.14 If the Secretary determines that the conditions in the country have not improved and the grounds for the initial designation remain in effect, then the Secretary must renew TPS.15 If the Secretary determines that conditions in the country have improved such that the temporary conditions are no longer preventing safe return, then the Secretary must terminate TPS.16

Decisions to begin, extend, or terminate a TPS designation must be published in the Federal Register.17 If an extension or termination decision is not published at least 60 days in advance of expiration, the designation is supposed to be automatically extended for six months.18 The law does not define the term “temporary” or otherwise limit the amount of time for which a country can have a TPS designation.19

Who is eligible for TPS?

In order to qualify for TPS, an individual must:20

  • Be a national of the foreign country with a TPS designation (or if stateless, have last habitually resided in a country with a TPS designation);

  • Be continuously physically present in the United States since the effective date of designation;

  • Have continuously resided in the United States since a date specified by the Secretary of Homeland Security; and

  • Not be inadmissible to the United States or be barred from asylum for certain criminal or national security-related reasons, such as individuals who have been convicted of any felony or two or more misdemeanors.

Nationals of a designated country do not automatically receive TPS but instead must register during a specific registration period and pay significant fees. In addition, an individual’s immigration status at the time of application for TPS has no effect on one’s eligibility, nor does the previous issuance of an order of removal.

What does TPS authorize a noncitizen to do?

An individual who is eligible for TPS must register by submitting an application to USCIS, an agency of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).21 If a person demonstrates eligibility and USCIS grants TPS, that person receives temporary protection from deportation and temporary authorization to work in the United States.22 TPS beneficiaries have also been eligible in the past for advance parole, which provides permission to travel abroad and return to the United States, but they must apply for it separately.23 In July of 2022, USCIS discontinued the use of advance parole for TPS recipients and instead created “Form I-512T, Authorization for Travel by a Noncitizen to the United States,” a TPS-specific travel document that uses a separate legal authority to permit TPS recipients to travel outside the United States and be admitted on their return.24 Beneficiaries are not eligible for any public assistance by virtue of their TPS status.25

Which countries have TPS?

As of June 25, 2026, the following 11 countries were designated for TPS, and the designation had not yet expired:26 Ongoing lawsuits may impact the termination dates listed below.

  • Burma (January 24, 2026, termination date suspended by court order)27

  • El Salvador (Extended until September 9, 2026)28

  • Ethiopia (February 13, 2026, termination date suspended by court order)29

  • Haiti (February 3, 2026, termination date suspended by court order, but that court order has since been overturned by the Supreme Court in a decision yet to go into effect as of June 25, 2026)30

  • Lebanon (Valid through November 27, 2026)31

  • Somalia (March 17, 2026, termination date suspended by court order)32

  • South Sudan (January 5, 2026, termination data suspended by court order)33

  • Sudan (Extended until October 19, 2026)34

  • Syria (November 21, 2025, termination date suspended by court order, but that court order has since been overturned by the Supreme Court in a decision yet to go into effect as of June 25, 2026)35

  • Ukraine (Extended until October 19, 2026)36

  • Yemen (May 4, 2026, termination date suspended by court order)37

Which countries have had TPS in the past?

Since TPS was created, 18 countries or parts of countries have had TPS designations that are now terminated. Multiple terminations that occurred in 2025 and 2026 are subject to active legal challenges and may be upheld or reversed through the judicial system.

  • Afghanistan (Expired July 14, 2025)38

  • Angola (Expired March 29, 2003)39

  • Bosnia-Herzegovina (Expired February 10, 2001)40

  • Burundi (Expired May 2, 2009)41

  • Cameroon (Expired August 4, 2025)42

  • Guinea (Expired May 21, 2017)43

  • Guinea-Bissau (Expired September 10, 2000)44

  • Honduras (Expired September 8, 2025)45

  • Province of Kosovo (Expired December 8, 2000)46

  • Kuwait (Expired March 27, 1992)47

  • Lebanon (Expired April 9, 1993)48

  • Liberia (1991 designation expired September 28, 1999)49

  • Liberia (2002 designation and 2004 redesignation expired October 1, 2007)50

  • Liberia (2014 designation expired May 21, 2017)51

  • Montserrat (Expired February 27, 2005)52

  • Nepal (Expired August 5, 2025)53

  • Nicaragua (Expired September 8, 2025)54

  • Rwanda (Expired December 6, 1997)5

  • Sierra Leone (Expired May 21, 2017)56

  • Venezuela (2023 designation terminated April 7, 2025)57

  • Venezuela (2021 designation terminated November 7, 2025)58

Does TPS create a path to permanent residence or citizenship?

TPS does not provide beneficiaries with a separate path to lawful permanent residence (a green card) or citizenship.59 However, a TPS recipient who otherwise is eligible for permanent residence may apply for that status.60

Generally, a person who entered the United States without inspection is not eligible to apply for permanent residence. Six federal appellate circuits previously ruled on this issue.61 Three federal appellate circuits (the Sixth, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits) ruled that a person with valid TPS status could adjust status to lawful permanent residence if otherwise eligible through a family-based or employment-based petition, even if he or she entered the United States without inspection. Three other federal appellate courts (the Third, Fifth, and Eleventh Circuits) ruled that a TPS recipient who entered without inspection is not eligible to adjust to permanent residence.

In June 2021, the Supreme Court subsequently ruled that a TPS recipient who entered the United States without inspection is not eligible to adjust to permanent residence from within the United States, overturning the prior decisions by the Sixth, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits.62 In order to gain permanent resident status, a TPS recipient who initially entered the United States without inspection must depart the country to have a visa processed at a consular post. For many TPS holders, a departure to have a visa interview would trigger bars to re-entry for up to 10 years.

Alternatively, some TPS recipients may be eligible to adjust status if they were granted advance permission from USCIS (referred to as advance parole), traveled abroad, and were paroled back into the United States. After July 2022, when USCIS discontinued the use of advance parole for TPS recipients, some TPS recipients may become eligible to adjust status after being granted authorization to travel through a TPS-specific travel document and then being inspected and admitted upon their return.63

What happens to a TPS beneficiary when a TPS designation ends?

TPS beneficiaries return to the immigration status that the person held prior to receiving TPS, unless that status has expired or the person has successfully acquired a new immigration status.64 TPS beneficiaries who entered the United States without inspection and who are not eligible for other immigration benefits, for example, would return to being undocumented at the end of a TPS designation and become subject to removal.

How are “Deferred Enforced Departure” and “Extended Voluntary Departure” related to TPS?

Deferred Enforced Departure (DED) is very similar to TPS but derives from the president’s foreign policy authority rather than from a specific law.65 There are no explicit criteria for making DED decisions or for determining who would be eligible for DED once a designation is determined. Just like TPS holders, DED beneficiaries receive a work permit and stay of deportation; however, they are not permitted to travel abroad.66

As of March 2026, there are two groups designated for DED:

  • Liberian nationals (effective until June 30, 2026);67

  • Certain residents of Hong Kong (effective until February 5, 2027).68

Certain Palestinian nationals were designated for DED for 18 months in February 14, 2024.69 As the DED designation was not extended, this protection expired on August 13, 2025. Similarly, certain Lebanese nationals were granted DED through January 26, 2026,70 and because President Trump did not extend this designation, the grant of DED has now expired.

Extended Voluntary Departure (EVD) was the predecessor to TPS prior to the Immigration Act of 1990. It was a discretionary authority used by the Attorney General (at a time when the Immigration and Naturalization Service was housed in DOJ) to give nationals of certain countries experiencing turbulent country conditions temporary permission to remain in the United States. Congress eliminated EVD with the creation of TPS.

  1. 8 U.S.C. § 1254a.↩︎

  2. Temporary Protected Status and Deferred Enforced Departure (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, updated August 28, 2025), p. 8, https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/RS20844.↩︎

  3. Termination of the Designation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 28760 (July 1, 2025, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/07/01/2025-12224/termination-of-the-designation-of-haiti-for-temporary-protected-status; Termination of the October 3, 2023 Designation of Venezuela for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 9040 (Feb. 5, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/02/05/2025-02294/termination-of-the-october-3-2023-designation-of-venezuela-for-temporary-protected-status; Termination of the 2021 Designation of Venezuela for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 43225 (Sept. 9, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/09/08/2025-17087/termination-of-the-2021-designation-of-venezuela-for-temporary-protected-status; Termination of the Designation of Cameroon for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 23697 (June 4, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/06/04/2025-10236/termination-of-the-designation-of-cameroon-for-temporary-protected-status; Termination of the Designation of Nepal for Temporary Protected Status; 90 Fed. Reg. 24151 (June 6, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/06/06/2025-10363/termination-of-the-designation-of-nepal-for-temporary-protected-status; Termination of the Designation of Afghanistan for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 20309 (May 13, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/05/13/2025-08201/termination-of-the-designation-of-afghanistan-for-temporary-protected-status; Termination of the Designation of Nicaragua for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 30086 (July 8, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/07/08/2025-12688/termination-of-the-designation-of-nicaragua-for-temporary-protected-status; Termination of the Designation of Honduras for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 30089 (July 8, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/07/08/2025-12621/termination-of-the-designation-of-honduras-for-temporary-protected-status; Termination of the Designation of Syria for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 45398 (Sept. 22, 2025) https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/09/22/2025-18322/termination-of-the-designation-of-syria-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  4. Jesús Villero, Brendan Warshaeur, and Youran Wu, “550,000 Workers Lose Status by End of 2025: Potential Impact by State and Industry,” Penn Wharton Budget Model, November 19, 2025, https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/p/2025-11-19-550-000-workers-lose-status-by-end-of-2025/.↩︎

  5. Andrew Schneider, “Immigrant rights group sues Trump administration over end of TPS for Afghans, Cameroonians,” Houston Public Media, May 9, 2025, https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/politics/immigration/2025/05/09/520910/immigrant-rights-group-sues-trump-administration-over-end-of-tps-for-afghans-cameroonians/.↩︎

  6. Mullin v. Doe, No. 25-1083, 609 U.S. ___ (June 25, 2026), available at https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-1083_f204.pdf.↩︎

  7. Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101-649, 104 Stat. 4978 (1990).↩︎

  8. Ibid.↩︎

  9. Ibid.↩︎

  10. 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b). Note that TPS designations based on an environmental disaster also require the foreign state to officially request designation. This request is not required for TPS designations for other reasons.↩︎

  11. 8 U.S.C. § 1254a.↩︎

  12. Ibid.↩︎

  13. 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(b). Occasionally, the Secretary will re-designate a country for TPS, which is different from an extension in that it updates the physical presence requirement to allow those foreign nationals who have arrived in the United States since the previous designation to apply for TPS.↩︎

  14. Ibid.↩︎

  15. Ibid.↩︎

  16. Ibid.↩︎

  17. 8 C.F.R. § 244.19.↩︎

  18. Ibid.↩︎

  19. Nardine Saad, “Judge rules ending protections for Venezuelan and Haitian migrants is unlawful,” BBC News, Sept. 5, 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3vzknpywp4o.↩︎

  20. 8 C.F.R. § 244.↩︎

  21. Ibid. § 244.7.↩︎

  22. 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a).↩︎

  23. 8 C.F.R. § 244.15.↩︎

  24. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, “Policy Memorandum PM-602-0188, Rescission of Matter of Z-R-Z-C- as an Adopted Decision; agency interpretation of authorized travel by TPS beneficiaries,” July 1, 2022, https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/memos/PM-602-0188-RescissionofMatterofZ-R-Z-C-.pdf; U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, “Temporary Protected Status,” https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/temporary-protected-status, last accessed June 13, 2023.↩︎

  25. 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(f).↩︎

  26. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), “Temporary Protected Status,” last reviewed/updated June 20, 2024, https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  27. Termination of the Designation of Burma (Myanmar) for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 53378 (Nov. 25, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/11/25/2025-21069/termination-of-the-designation-of-burma-myanmar-for-temporary-protected-status; Aung Doe et al. v. Noem et al., No. 25-cv-15483, ECF No. 51 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 23, 2026).↩︎

  28. Extension of the Designation of El Salvador for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 5953 (Jan. 17, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/17/2025-00626/extension-of-the-designation-of-el-salvador-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  29. Extension and Redesignation of Ethiopia for Temporary Protected Status, 89 Fed. Reg. 26172 (April 15, 2024), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/12/2022-26880/designation-of-ethiopia-for-temporary-protected-status; African Communities Together et al. v. Noem et al., No. 26-cv-10278, ECF No. 36 (D. Mass. Jan. 30, 2026).↩︎

  30. Extension and Redesignation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status, 89 Fed. Reg. 54484 (July 1, 2024), https://www.federalregister.gov/public-inspection/2024-14247/extension-and-redesignation-of-haiti-for-temporary-protected-status; Miot v. Trump, No 1:25-cv-02471, ECF No. 124 (D.D.C. Feb. 2, 2026).↩︎

  31. Extension of Lebanon Designation for Temporary Protected Status, 91 Fed. Reg. 32069 (May. 29, 2026), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/05/29/2026-10704/extension-of-lebanon-designation-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  32. Extension and Redesignation of Somalia for Temporary Protected Status, 89 Fed. Reg. 59135 (July 22, 2024), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/07/22/2024-15829/extension-and-redesignation-of-somalia-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  33. Extension of South Sudan designation for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 19217 (May 6, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/05/06/2025-07976/extension-of-south-sudan-designation-for-temporary-protected-status; African Communities Together et al. v. Noem et al., No. 25-cv-13939, ECF No. 37 (D. Mass. Dec. 30, 2025).↩︎

  34. Extension of the Designation of Sudan for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 5944 (Jan. 17, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/17/2025-00770/extension-of-the-designation-of-sudan-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  35. Termination of the Designation of Syria for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 45398 (Sept. 22, 2025) https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/09/22/2025-18322/termination-of-the-designation-of-syria-for-temporary-protected-status; Order, Doe v. Noem, 1:25-cv-08686, at ECF 54 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 19, 2025), https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.nysd.651493/gov.uscourts.nysd.651493.54.0.pdf.↩︎

  36. Extension of the Designation of Ukraine for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 5936 (Jan. 17, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/17/2025-00771/extension-of-the-designation-of-ukraine-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  37. Opinion and Order, Doe. v. Noem, 1:26-cv-02103, at ECF 39 (S.D.N.Y. May 1, 2026).↩︎

  38. Termination of the Designation of Afghanistan for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 20309 (May 13, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/05/13/2025-08201/termination-of-the-designation-of-afghanistan-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  39. Termination of the Designation of Angola for Temporary Protected Status, 68 Fed. Reg. 3896 (Jan. 27, 2003), https://www.federalregister.gov/d/03-1994.↩︎

  40. Termination of the Designation of Bosnia-Herzegovina for Temporary Protected Status, 65 Fed. Reg. 52789 (Aug. 30, 2000), https://www.federalregister.gov/d/00-22138.↩︎

  41. Termination of the Designation of Burundi for Temporary Protected Status; Automatic Extension of Employment Authorization Documentation for Burundi TPS Beneficiaries, 72 Fed. Reg. 61172 (Oct. 29, 2007), https://www.federalregister.gov/d/E7-21128.↩︎

  42. Termination of the Designation of Cameroon for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 23697 (June 4, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/06/04/2025-10236/termination-of-the-designation-of-cameroon-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  43. Six-Month Extension of Temporary Protected Status Benefits for Orderly Transition Before Termination of Guinea’s Designation for Temporary Protected Status, 81 Fed. Reg. 66064 (Sept. 26, 2016), https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2016-23244.↩︎

  44. Six-Month Extension and Termination of Designation of Guinea-Bissau under the Temporary Protected Status Program, 65 Fed. Reg. 15016 (Mar. 20, 2000), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2000-03-20/pdf/00-6750.pdf.↩︎

  45. Termination of the Designation of Honduras for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 30089 (July 8, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/07/08/2025-12621/termination-of-the-designation-of-honduras-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  46. Termination of the Province of Kosovo in the Republic of Serbia in the State of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia-Montenegro) Under the Temporary Protected Status Program, 65 Fed. Reg. 33356 (May 23, 2000), https://www.federalregister.gov/d/00-12856.↩︎

  47. Termination of Designation of Kuwait under Temporary Protected Status Program, 57 Fed. Reg. 2930 (Jan. 24, 1992), https://www.loc.gov/item/fr057016/.↩︎

  48. Termination of Designation of Lebanon under Temporary Protected Status Program, 58 Fed. Reg. 7582 (Feb. 8, 1993), https://www.loc.gov/item/fr058024/.↩︎

  49. Termination of Designation of Liberia Under the Temporary Protected Status Program, 64 Fed. Reg. 41463 (July 30, 1999), https://www.aila.org/ins-64-fr-41463-07-30-99.↩︎

  50. Termination of the Designation of Liberia for Temporary Protected Status; Automatic Extension of Employment Authorization Documentation for Liberia TPS Beneficiaries, 71 Fed. Reg. 55000 (Sept. 20, 2006), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2006/09/20/06-7785/termination-of-the-designation-of-liberia-for-temporary-protected-status-automatic-extension-of.↩︎

  51. Six-Month Extension of Temporary Protected Status Benefits for Orderly Transition Before Termination of Liberia’s Designation for Temporary Protected Status, 81 Fed. Reg. 66059 (Sept. 26, 2016), https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2016-23250.↩︎

  52. Termination of the Designation of Montserrat under the Temporary Protected Status Program; Extension of Employment Authorization Documentation, 69 Fed. Reg. 40642 (Jul. 6, 2004), https://www.federalregister.gov/d/04-15243.↩︎

  53. Termination of the Designation of Nepal for Temporary Protected Status; 90 Fed. Reg. 24151 (June 6, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/06/06/2025-10363/termination-of-the-designation-of-nepal-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  54. Termination of the Designation of Nicaragua for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 30086 (July 8, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/07/08/2025-12688/termination-of-the-designation-of-nicaragua-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  55. Termination of Designation of Rwanda under Temporary Protected Status Program after Final 6-Month Extension, 62 Fed. Reg. 33442 (June 19, 1997), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-06-19/pdf/97-16050.pdf.↩︎

  56. Six-Month Extension of Temporary Protected Status Benefits for Orderly Transition Before Termination of Sierra Leone’s Designation for Temporary Protected Status, 81 Fed. Reg. 66054 (Sept. 26, 2016), https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2016-23249.↩︎

  57. Extension of the 2023 Designation of Venezuela for Temporary Protected Status. 90 Fed. Reg. 5961 (Jan. 17, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/17/2025-00769/extension-of-the-2023-designation-of-venezuela-for-temporary-protected-status; Vacatur of 2025 Temporary Protected Status Decision for Venezuela, 90 Fed. Reg. 8805 (Feb. 3, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/02/03/2025-02183/vacatur-of-2025-temporary-protected-status-decision-for-venezuela↩︎

  58. Extension of the 2023 Designation of Venezuela for Temporary Protected Status. 90 Fed. Reg. 5961 (Jan. 17, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/17/2025-00769/extension-of-the-2023-designation-of-venezuela-for-temporary-protected-status; Vacatur of 2025 Temporary Protected Status Decision for Venezuela, 90 Fed. Reg. 8805 (Feb. 3, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/02/03/2025-02183/vacatur-of-2025-temporary-protected-status-decision-for-venezuela; Termination of the 2021 Designation of Venezuela for Temporary Protected Status, 90 Fed. Reg. 43225 (Sept. 9, 2025), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/09/08/2025-17087/termination-of-the-2021-designation-of-venezuela-for-temporary-protected-status.↩︎

  59. 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(f).↩︎

  60. Ibid. § 1254a.↩︎

  61. Flores v. USCIS, 718 F.3d 548 (6th Cir. 2013); Velasquez v. Barr, 979 F.3d 572 (8th Cir. 2020); Ramirez v. Brown, 852 F.3d 954, 958 (9th Cir. 2017); Sanchez v. Sec. U.S. Dept. of Homeland Sec., 967 F.3d 242 (3d Cir. 2020), cert. granted sub nom. Sanchez v. Wolf, 20-315, 2021 WL 77237 (U.S. Jan. 8, 2021); Solorzano v. Mayorkas, ___F.3d ___, No. 19-50220, 2021 WL 365830 (5th Cir. Feb. 3, 2021); Serrano v. United States Attorney General, 655 F.3d 1260 (11th Cir. 2011).↩︎

  62. Sanchez v. Mayorkas, 593 U.S. (2021), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20-315_q713.pdf.↩︎

  63. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, “Policy Memorandum PM-602-0188, Rescission of Matter of Z-R-Z-C- as an Adopted Decision; agency interpretation of authorized travel by TPS beneficiaries,” July 1, 2022, https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/memos/PM-602-0188-RescissionofMatterofZ-R-Z-C-.pdf.↩︎

  64. 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(f).↩︎

  65. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, “Deferred Enforced Departure,” last updated October 20, 2021, https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/deferred-enforced-departure.↩︎

  66. Memorandum on Extension of Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberians, 38.2(i).↩︎

  67. President Joseph R. Biden, Extending and Expanding Eligibility for Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberians, 89 Fed. Reg. 55017 (June 28, 2024), https://www.federalregister.gov/public-inspection/2024-14756/liberians-extension-of-eligibility-for-deferred-enforced-departure-memo-of-june-28-2024.↩︎

  68. President Joseph R. Biden, Extending and Expanding Eligibility for Deferred Enforced Departure for Certain Hong Kong Residents, 90 Fed. Reg. 6749 (Jan 15, 2025, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/17/2025-01466/extending-and-expanding-eligibility-for-deferred-enforced-departure-for-certain-hong-kong-residents.↩︎

  69. President Joseph R. Biden, Deferred Enforced Departure for Certain Palestinians, 89 Fed. Reg. 12743 (Feb. 20, 2024), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/02/20/2024-03514/deferred-enforced-departure-for-certain-palestinians.↩︎

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