Beyond A Border Solution

For generations, the United States has been a place of safe haven for people seeking freedom and safety. In 1980, Congress passed the Refugee Act, codifying basic refugee protections into law and enshrining a global commitment to asylum which emerged from the tragedy of the Holocaust. In the decades since then, hundreds of thousands of refugees and asylees have been granted status, strengthening communities around the nation, contributing economically, and enriching the national fabric.

But in the 21st century, a global displacement crisis is affecting nearly every country in the world. Multiple nations across the Western Hemisphere have become destabilized due to a wide variety of factors, including rising authoritarianism, political assassinations, natural disasters, powerful transnational criminal organizations, climate change, and the global socioeconomic shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic. The end result is humanitarian migration at levels far above what the 20th-century system can handle.

Presidential administrations of both parties have failed to meet this challenge. Instead of an orderly, humane, and consistent approach to humanitarian protection and border management, we have been left with a dysfunctional system that serves the needs of no one: not the government, border communities, or asylum seekers themselves.

Today, the U.S. government faces an enormous challenge. The number of asylum seekers seeking to enter each day is significantly higher than the number the United States can process at official border crossings. The location and manner of crossings varies widely across the border, often changing unpredictably based on misinformation, rumor, or the demands of powerful transnational criminal organizations which maintain control over many of the migration routes with a bloody fist. The system is constantly at risk of bottlenecks and overcrowding, building the perception of chaos at the border. And inside the United States, underfunding, neglect, and deliberate sabotage have left the adjudicatory process in shambles.

Problem An immigration system that hasn’t been updated since 1990 Escalating case backlogs Lack of workers and missing global talent Desperate people taking dangerous journeys to the U.S.-Mexico border

The failure to build a modern and functional system of humanitarian protection extends throughout the asylum process. There are currently over 1.3 million pending asylum applications, including roughly 750,000 in immigration courts and over 600,000 at U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The average asylum case in immigration court now takes 4.25 years from start through a final asylum hearing, leaving those with meritorious claims stuck in legal limbo and those whose claims are denied facing the prospect of deportation after they have already put down roots in the United States. Decades-old laws require asylum seekers to wait months to gain work authorization, leaving communities inside the United States to step in and help people get on their feet.

Rather than making a sustained investment into building a better system, past presidential administrations have attempted over and over again to instead use aggressive enforcement- and deterrence-based policies in hopes of reducing the number of people who are permitted to apply. The failure of this approach is manifest: No one thinks that the problem has been solved or even alleviated. Making matters worse, constant shifts in policy due to international negotiations, federal litigation, and border agents’ own discretion make it virtually impossible to articulate what the current policy toward asylum seekers at the southern border actually is.

Crucially, there is still hope. Restoring our humanitarian protection systems and breaking the cycle of crises and crackdowns is not only possible, but within reach. However, to do so, we need a major shift in thinking and policymaking. Politicians must abandon a fantasy of short-term solutionism and acknowledge that only sustained investment over a period of time can realistically address these 21st century challenges. Therefore, short-term action must focus on establishing a viable path towards a better system. In the long term, with significant investment, we can create a flexible, orderly, and safe asylum process.

Rebuilding a functional system does not require a radical overhaul of U.S. immigration law. Nor will it lead to open borders. Even if every recommendation in this report is implemented, those without meritorious claims will still be deemed ineligible for relief and ordered deported. But taking that reality seriously also obligates the government to get it right — and ensure that no one is deported to a country where they will be persecuted. Adherence to the rule of law means both that those who seek to live here agree to abide by the government’s rulings, and in return that the government upholds our longstanding commitment to respect human rights and international humanitarian agreements as well as provide a fair day in court for all those who seek it.

Creating and funding a flexible, orderly, and safe asylum system will reduce both irregular entries and unjust outcomes. Investment in dedicated humanitarian processing infrastructure at the border and in receiving communities will reduce unexpected fiscal burdens, limit strain on law enforcement resources, and improve human rights. Moreover, a humanitarian protection system that is purged of arbitrary delays and inconsistent outcomes will produce fairer and more expeditious results. Asylum seekers with meritorious claims will be more likely to prevail when provided with a meaningful opportunity to present them. Conversely, a fair, transparent, and expeditious asylum process may reduce claims from those without meritorious cases, and those who are denied will be more likely to accept negative results from a fair and transparent process.

A revitalized modern humanitarian protection system will also dampen political backlash to the concept of asylum in a time of rising anti-migrant sentiment. While overall support for providing asylum continues to poll above 50 percent, chaotic scenes at the border have dampened public support for asylum. And while some critics will oppose any measures that permit asylum seekers to enter the country, the right to seek asylum is central to this country’s historical commitment to welcoming those fleeing persecution and to most Americans’ understanding of their nation as a global and moral leader. Turning away from asylum seekers would be a more radical break than improving the system to support them.

To begin the work on creating a viable path towards a better system, we provide the following recommendations:

Through these recommendations, we believe the United States government can create a system for asylum processing that is flexible, orderly, and durable, respects the rights of asylum seekers, inspires confidence in the American public, and ensures that the United States remains a beacon of safety. Such a system will not only ensure that the United States lives up to its promises, but also ensure greater stability across Latin America by reducing the power of gangs and cartels and promoting human rights throughout the region.

This is undoubtedly an enormous challenge. There is no perfect solution. It will require compromises. However, the last decade of inhumane and failed deterrence policies has shown us there is no real alternative. Only through bolstering meaningful access to humanitarian protection can we move forward towards a more just, humane, and fair future. This is the only way to ensure that both migrants and the United States remain safe and free.

Expand CBP Office of Field Operations’ Capacity to Process Asylum Seekers at Ports of Entry

Background

When a person seeking asylum arrives at the border, they are often faced with a choice: attempt to seek asylum at a port of entry or attempt to seek asylum by crossing between ports of entry and presenting to a Border Patrol agent. Crucially, neither of these options is the “right way” or the “wrong way” to seek asylum. The Immigration and Nationality Act is clear that any person who is “physically present in the United States, or who arrives in the United States (whether or not at a designated port of arrival … ), irrespective of [their] status, may apply for asylum.” Similarly, the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention provides that “The Contracting States shall not impose penalties, on account of their illegal entry or presence, on refugees who, coming directly from a territory where their life or freedom was threatened [by persecution], enter or are present in their territory without authorization, provided they present themselves without delay to the authorities and show good cause for their illegal entry or presence.”

As a practical matter, however, seeking asylum is generally better for all parties when done at a port of entry. Individuals who present themselves at a port of entry can be more expeditiously processed by the government without requiring the redirection of law enforcement resources. Those who present at a port of entry generally face fewer risks than those who cross the border between ports of entry and are more likely to avoid cartel smugglers. And travel through ports of entry reduces potential impacts on border communities and limits perceptions of chaos associated with crossings between ports of entry. Yet despite this clear benefit, accessing asylum at ports of entry remains highly difficult for many migrants, even after the Biden administration reversed many of the Trump-era policies restricting access to asylum, as demand for access has been consistently above supply for years.

For the last five years, migrants have been unable to consistently walk to a port of entry and request asylum. From April 2018 to March 2020, the Trump administration imposed border-wide “metering” at ports of entry, artificially and unlawfullyiv restricting the number of migrants who could access the asylum process each day. While metering originally began in 2016 under President Obama at the Tijuana/San Ysidro port of entry and was briefly imposed across the border in winter 2016, the use of metering declined in 2017 following a significant drop in the number of people seeking asylum in the first months of the Trump administration. The reinstitution of metering in April 2018 led to the growth of haphazard “waitlists” in Mexican border cities, with thousands of people waiting, some upwards of six months, just to begin the asylum process.

While CBP often publicly justified metering on limited capacity, in 2020, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Inspector General (OIG) reported that Customs and Border Protection officers had repeatedly misrepresented the processing capacity of ports of entry across the border, with officers observed falsely telling migrants that the port was at capacity even though there were multiple empty processing rooms available. The report further found that in 2018, DHS Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen secretly authorized CBP to artificially limit the number of individuals able to seek asylum each day. Despite signing this memo, Secretary Nielsen subsequently falsely testified to Congress that the agency had made no changes to asylum processing at ports of entry and in fact was engaged in efforts to increase processing capacity.

After the pandemic hit and the Trump administration implemented Title 42 in March 2020, asylum processing at ports of entry ground to a virtual halt for two years as metering waitlists froze in place and CBP began refusing to take almost any migrants at ports of entry. As a result, the asylum system became nearly impossible to access without crossing the border between ports of entry and seeking out a Border Patrol agent—and even then, many asylum seekers were expelled under Title 42 without asylum processing. This had the counterproductive effect of incentivizing irregular border crossings and encouraging some migrants to try to evade detection.

In November 2021, DHS Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas formally rescinded Secretary Nielsen’s memorandum authorizing metering. The same day, Acting CBP Commissioner Troy Miller formally rescinded similar CBP guidance and directed ports of entry along the southern border to “consider and take measures, as operationally feasible, to increase capacity to process undocumented noncitizens at Southwest Border POEs, including those who may be seeking asylum and other forms of protection.”

As of 2023, the ports of entry have reopened to migrants—somewhat. Under Title 42, DHS has always had the ability to exempt migrants from Title 42 for humanitarian reasons. This authority was rarely used for the first two years of Title 42, except for on a limited basis through a partnership with a small number of NGOs in summer 2021. But starting in spring 2022, DHS began expanding the use of these Title 42 humanitarian exemptions at ports of entry in order to gradually restart the asylum process. The number of individuals exempted from Title 42 at ports of entry rose from an average of 266 per day in Mayxv to 743 per day in December—a 159 percent increase (see Figure 1). Throughout 2022, this exemption process was largely operated through NGOs and lawyers in Mexico and the United States acting as intermediaries to submit humanitarian requests to CBP.

The effect of this exemption process has been dramatic. Its impact on one nationality in particular—Haitians—has shown enormous success and provided hard evidence that increased asylum capacity at ports of entry can reduce the number of people crossing between ports of entry.

Since the exemption process began expanding in 2022, Haitians have been among the most likely to receive humanitarian exemptions at ports of entry. Throughout the spring, the number of Haitians processed under Title 8 at ports of entry rose from 268 in March to a peak of 6,591 in October. This increased ability to access asylum at the ports of entry dramatically shifted Haitian migration patterns. The number of Haitians taken into Border Patrol custody dropped over 99 percent in a matter of months, falling from a high of 7,762 in May 2022 to just 21 in February 2023 (see Figure 2).

In January 2023, CBP replaced the NGO-led exemption process with the use of a mobile application known as “CBP One” that requires migrants to schedule appointments at select ports of entry across the border to be considered for an exemption to Title 42. CBP One is intended to be the primary method by which migrants can seek such exemptions at ports of entry while Title 42 remains in place.

Through March 2023, CBP One appointments were available at eight different ports of entry along the U.S.-Mexico border: San Ysidro and Calexico in California, Nogales in Arizona, and El Paso, Eagle Pass, Laredo, Hidalgo, and Brownsville in Texas. Use of the app to schedule appointments is also restricted to individuals who are within a limited geographic area that currently extends south to Mexico City but no further.

The initial rollout of CBP One has been plagued with technical glitches and design flaws. Demand for appointments has far outpaced supply, forcing migrants to compete for rare appointment slots—while abundant technical glitches put individuals without consistent Wi-Fi at a marked disadvantage. In the initial weeks of the program, the app was only available in English and Spanish, causing difficulty for speakers of other languages. Individuals over the age of five making appointments are required to take a photo through the app as part of a “liveness test,” but at least initially, the app had difficulty recognizing the faces of darker-skinned migrants, affecting Haitian migrants in particular. Those lucky enough to evade all these pitfalls still have to wait weeks for their appointments. CBP has notably made many technical fixes and adjustments to the app in the first two months of its use, but at least one migrant has already been murdered while waiting.

The new exemption process has in some cases prompted families to self-separate, as larger families struggle to obtain an appointment when slots are limited. Limited availability of appointments at certain ports of entry have led some individuals to take appointments in other locations potentially thousands of miles away, requiring migrants to travel through dangerous territory along northern Mexico where kidnappings are common. And for those individuals without a functioning smartphone, there are few if any options other than begging for help.

Today, more asylum seekers are being admitted through southern border ports of entry than any time in the last decade. However, capacity for port of entry processing remains far below demand. From January to March, CBP processed an average of 737 people per day for Title 42 exemptions. During that same period, an average of 4,681 people were taken into Border Patrol custody per day. Many migrants have reported that they have been waiting fruitlessly for months to obtain an appointment through CBP One. There is growing frustration in Mexico over the lack of appointments, and some migrants have given up hope and decided to cross between ports of entry instead. As a result, CBP’s efforts to channel migrants to ports of entry risks a significant setback if the agency cannot rapidly increase processing capacity and reduce the inequities involved with an appointment system that resembles a lottery system.

Improve Border Patrol's Capacity for Humanitarian Processing

Background

Given the restrictions on access to ports of entry described above, over the last decade the vast majority of asylum seekers arriving at the U.S.-Mexico border have instead crossed between ports of entry and turned themselves in to Border Patrol agents. This has posed a significant challenge for the federal government, and in particular the Border Patrol. The agency has traditionally viewed itself as a national security and law enforcement agency, not a humanitarian processing agency. The majority of the agency’s physical infrastructure was designed for processing Mexican adult migrants who could be rapidly transferred out of Border Patrol custody, not families and children. And as exemplified by a 2019 Facebook group scandal where Border Patrol agents were discovered to be posting dehumanizing and vile content about migrants, the agency’s shift towards a more humanitarian mission has engendered backlash among some agents who are hostile towards migrants.

Over the last decade, the Border Patrol has consistently failed to process high numbers of asylum seekers in a humane manner while simultaneously carrying out the agency’s law enforcement mission without disruption. This situation has proven unacceptable to all sides of the debate.

Those who focus on the Border Patrol’s duty to process arriving asylum seekers highlight Border Patrol’s failure to process applicants for humanitarian protection in a humane and orderly fashion. For example, overcrowding and mistreatment of asylum seekers in Border Patrol facilities has been common for years, leading to multiple children dying in Border Patrol custody in 2019. Until the late 2010s, nearly all individuals held in Border Patrol custody were routinely denied access to basic hygienic needs such as soap and toothbrushes and often forced to sleep in crowded cells nicknamed hieleras (iceboxes) or perreras (dog kennels).

After outrage and successful litigation, conditions have improved significantly in recent years, although problems remain and overcrowding continues to be a concern during times of high arrivals. Today, most migrants taken into custody by the Border Patrol are sent to dedicated “processing centers” or “soft-sided facilities” that offer a higher level of care than in the past.

Those who focus on the Border Patrol’s law enforcement duties argue that the agency has been stretched thin due to the significant amount of processing required by humanitarian migration, as compared to those who are not seeking asylum. For example, Border Patrol sources have indicated that completing court appearance paperwork for a single individual or family can take 60-90 minutes per person or family group, meaning that thousands of agents are spending significant time completing paperwork and managing coordination with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), transportation, and release of migrants rather than patrolling in the field. Border Patrol sources also frequently assert that increased humanitarian processing is a cause of increased “got-aways” and leak this non-public data to the media on a regular basis.

Others, including the Border Patrol’s own union, have argued that processing asylum seekers has led to a reduction in the agency’s ability to seize drugs coming across the border. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the cartels have used large migrant crossings to distract agents in at least some circumstances. However, as Figure 3 demonstrates, there is no clear correlation between migrant apprehensions and overall hard drug seizure weight, suggesting any such impact is limited. The overwhelming majority of hard drugs come through ports of entry, often smuggled in passenger vehicles and commercial traffic.

After taking office, the Biden administration prioritized policies and measures that are intended to reduce the possibility of the kind of dangerous overcrowding that occurred in 2019. This has led CBP to prioritize the creation of programs which allow for shortened processing at the border, including the short-lived and disastrous “Notice to Report” process under which individuals were released from CBP custody with only a notice asking them to appear at any ICE office for further processing. This was later replaced with “Parole + [Alternatives to Detention],” which allowed Border Patrol agents to release individuals on parole rather than issuing them a notice to appear in court whenever Border Patrol detention centers reached certain measures of overcrowding. The use of Parole + ATD largely ended in early 2023 following an agreement with Mexico that permitted the expulsion of certain nationalities back to Mexico, and in March 2023 the Parole + ATD program was vacated by a federal court in Florida.

Both programs, while arguably successful in reducing overcrowding, have created other processing difficulties inside the United States. ICE does not have procedures in place to expeditiously issue notices to appear for hundreds of thousands of people released at the border, and as a result there are more people required to check in with ICE than ICE can check in. Through February 2023, “nearly 600,000” migrants released at the border since March 2021 still had not been issued a notice to appear in court. And as of March 2023, the ICE office in New York City was reportedly “fully booked through October 2032” for ICE check-in appointments, meaning some migrants may be forced to wait years just to begin the court process.

Establish a Center for Migrant Coordination to Bring Together Federal, State, and Local Resources and Support and Facilitate Migrant Integration

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Problem

Cities are overwhelmed with large influxes of migrants from the southern border.

Word of mouth; generous housing benefits available in cities like New York; and free Texas buses lead an overwhelming number of migrants to settle in only a few cities across the United States. Migrants who choose these cities based on false ideas about what awaits them can end up homeless or stuck in limbo.

Solution

Create a federal Center for Migration Coordination (CMC).

The Center for Migration Coordination (CMC) could coordinate with cities and local governments to match migrants with a location that seeks growth and has the resources to accommodate new arrivals.

Result

Migrants go to welcoming communities throughout the
United States.

Congress could fund the CMC to establish integration centers that would help migrants learn English, acquire new job skills, navigate local bureaucracy, and understand the immigration court process.

Background

When migrants arrive in the United States and are taken into custody by CBP, and then released at the border or from a detention center, they often need immediate assistance in obtaining transportation to their ultimate destination. In some relatively rare circumstances, migrants may not have an ultimate destination and need support finding a place to live while they go through the asylum process. And once migrants arrive at their ultimate destination, they often lack local knowledge of how to navigate their ICE check-ins, court dates, and other responsibilities.

Over the last decade, the responsibility for assisting migrants in these circumstances has fallen almost exclusively to nonprofit organizations and receiving communities. At the border, a network of shelter providers has assisted hundreds of thousands of people released from CBP and ICE custody. In some locations, NGOs operate in close conjunction with local CBP and ICE officials to coordinate releases. At other times, ICE and CBP have released people at gas stations, bus stops, and other locations far from shelters, forcing NGOs and state and local officials to scramble to respond and ensure that people are not left on the streets without resources or assistance. Coordination between NGOs and state and local officials is often the sole responsibility of local CBP and ICE field offices and is not centralized in any way.

In 2022, the need for a federal response became particularly apparent following the arrival of thousands of migrants who did not know anyone in the United States and were in acute need of emergency shelter. This was exacerbated by politically-motivated actions taken by the states of Texas, Arizona, and Florida to transport tens of thousands of migrants to Democratic-led cities such as New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Mayors of these cities have subsequently called for federal help.

Congress has responded to some of this need through the provision of funding to assist NGOs and state and local governments which have had to expend resources to assist migrants, initially through the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Emergency Food and Shelter Program (EFSP). In December 2022, Congress created a new “Shelter and Services Program” to replace EFSP sometime in 2023 and provided $800 million for “grants or cooperative agreements with state and local governments and nongovernmental organizations.”

The provision of money alone will be insufficient to resolve the larger coordination needs of responding to high levels of migration. State and local governments want more than just funding, they want the federal government to lead a centralized response.

This is not the first time that DHS has recognized the need to centralize a response to the situation at the border. DHS created the “Southwest Border Coordination Center” in 2022, which brings together headquarters officials from across the agency to standardize processing and improve coordination among different field offices and Border Patrol sectors. The official purpose of this center is to “coordinate planning, operations, engagement, and interagency support.” The Southwest Border Coordination Center has produced an extensive planning document for interagency coordination of responses to increased numbers of border crossings through 2022.

Revamp Asylum Processing at USCIS through Targeted Funding and Modifications to the New Asylum Rule

Background

Since Congress created the modern expedited removal system in 1996, asylum officers have had a key role in processing asylum seekers. Initial “credible fear” and “reasonable fear” interviews for asylum seekers processed under expedited removal are statutorily assigned to specialized adjudicators trained in asylum law, known as asylum officers. These same officers, who today are part of USCIS’s Refugee, Asylum, and International Operations Directorate (RAIO), are also responsible for adjudicating so-called “affirmative” asylum applications that are filed directly with USCIS for individuals who (with the notable exception of unaccompanied children) are not going through the removal process.

The Trump administration attempted to systematically tear down and rebuild RAIO into a core component of its anti-asylum policies. These actions including firing RAIO’s Obama-era leader John Lafferty, setting the refugee cap to its lowest level in history, replacing USCIS asylum officers with Border Patrol agents given a single course in asylum law, and pushing out conscientious asylum officers, some of whom resigned in protest when asked to carry out policies they believe violated human rights. Today, despite increased hiring from the Biden administration, it is widely understood that there are still not enough asylum officers to carry out both credible fear interviews and affirmative asylum interviews. Throughout FY 2022, the affirmative asylum backlog grew by over 16,000 cases per month, topping 600,000 for the first time.

In May 2022, the Biden administration began piloting an alternate asylum process that first refers most asylum seekers to asylum merits interviews with USCIS asylum officers instead of immigration court. Under this rule, the administration will treat a credible fear interview as a full application for asylum, rather than forcing individuals to separately file a formal asylum application with the immigration court to begin the asylum process. Individuals who pass this credible fear interview under the new rule would then be referred to an asylum officer at USCIS for an “asylum merits interview” that is supposed to occur within 60 days of the credible fear interview. At the asylum merits interview, the asylum officer could grant or deny asylum. If the asylum officer grants asylum, then the person would receive asylum immediately. If the asylum officer denies asylum, the individual would be referred to an immigration judge for an expedited form of removal proceedings which are intended to be completed in a timeframe between 60 to 135 days.

The results of this initial pilot have been mixed. Of the 3,825 people put through the alternative asylum process from June 2022 through January 2023, just 253 (6.6 percent) were granted asylum at either the asylum merits interview or in front of an immigration judge, whereas 1,871 (48.8 percent) were ordered removed after failing a credible fear interview. The remaining 1,711 people either had their cases temporarily suspended or dismissed, or were still waiting for at least one part of the process.

As currently promulgated, these regulations are highly concerning. Early evidence with the program shows that rapid adjudication timelines push asylum seekers through the process too fast, often without adequate access to counsel. Nevertheless, we believe that many components of the rule are worth keeping, such that the rule can be salvaged and made a core part of future asylum processing should the agency makes the required changes.

Grow Federal Support for Case Management Alternatives to Detention to Help Migrants Navigate the Asylum System

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Problem

Without assistance, many migrants struggle with finding legal counsel and understanding what resources are available to them.

When migrants are released to navigate the asylum system, many of them end up in an unfamiliar location in an unfamiliar country and unable to properly navigate the complicated asylum system. If they fail to appear for a court hearing, even by accident, they can be ordered deported. If they miss an ICE check-in, they may end up sent to a detention center.

Solution

The Department of Homeland Security partners with
local nonprofits

DHS should expand access to community-based NGO case-management services and implement a more flexible system that works with local community organizations. This will help newly-arrived migrants better navigate the unique challenges presented in each location.

Result

Migrants will be able to better navigate the complicated
asylum process

Shifting case management support to nonprofit organizations will alleviate issues with high caseloads by spreading services across a broader coalition of organizations.

Background

Since the Reagan administration, the number of people held in immigration detention centers nationwide has risen from nearly zero to a peak of over 55,000 in FY 2019. Yet despite this massive increase, there are still more noncitizens that DHS could detain in any given month than there are detention beds to hold them. As a result, immigration agencies have long exercised their discretion to establish policies allowing for the release of some individuals on orders of supervision, release on their own recognizance, or through alternate programs.

Since the late 1990s, immigration enforcement agencies have increasingly developed additional so-called “alternatives to detention” (ATD) programming for individuals who the agencies determined did not need to be detained. The first of these programs, the Appearance Assistance Program, was operated by the Vera Institute of Justice beginning in 1997 and continuing through to 2000. This pilot program revealed that noncitizens placed into an ATD program were not only likely to appear in court, but also that the government could save significant money through ATD programs, which were significantly cheaper than full detention.

In 2004, ICE began the Intensive Supervision Appearance Program (ISAP). From the beginning, this program has been operated through a contract with BI Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of private prison company GEO Group. Today, the ISAP program is on its fourth iteration (known as ISAP IV), still operated by BI Inc. Over the last two decades, ISAP has expanded from a few thousand people on its docket to over 375,000 in December 2022.

Despite this growth, ATD services still cost the federal government a fraction of what it pays for immigration detention. In FY 2023, Congress provided ICE’s ATD program $442 million to carry out its programming for hundreds of thousands of people, while ICE’s Custody Operations division received $2.9 billion (over 550 percent more) to operate a detention system to hold an average of 34,000 people a day. According to ICE itself, the current ISAP program costs the US government $4.01 per day for each person enrolled, compared to $192.65 per day to hold someone in a contract detention facility.

The majority of people placed through ISAP IV are enrolled in a program known as “SmartLINK,” in which individuals are provided a customized smartphone which contains electronic monitoring software. Individuals on SmartLINK are required to carry their phone with them at all times and use it to check in with ICE, as well as to use the app’s facial recognition software to confirm their location. However, not all individuals are enrolled in SmartLINK, and some people are still required to wear GPS ankle bracelets, which many organizations have criticized as invasive, harmful, and stigmatizing.

The ISAP IV contract also provides “extended case management services” in which BI Inc. “case managers” assist noncitizens with finding local services to help them navigate the immigration process. These services were first introduced to ICE’s ATD programs following the success of the Family Case Management Program (FCMP), a short-lived pilot program that ran from January 2016 through June 2017. Over a year, FCMP provided over 950 families access to case managers who could help them understand the complicated immigration court and ICE check-in processes, as well as assist them in navigating a new country through referrals to pro bono legal services, housing, medical care, English language classes, and more. By the time the Trump administration shut down the program, 99 percent of FCMP participants had complied with every ICE check-in and court appearance requirement, a resounding success. Within a few years after that, ICE incorporated case management services into the ISAP contract.

Unfortunately, investigations into the case management services provided by BI Inc. under the ISAP IV contract have revealed overwhelmed case managers handling over 300 cases per person, lack of individualized attention, and a system which provides case management in name alone.

Advocates have also criticized the ISAP IV program for failing to act as a true alternative to detention, instead operating to allow a subsidiary of a private prison company to surveil and monitor a population which would be unlikely to be sent to detention in the first place. Others have also critiqued the agency for lacking uniform standards by which ATDs are “escalated” (in which a person is subject to stricter conditions due to lack of compliance or other reasons) or “de-escalated” (in which a person has conditions lifted or is disenrolled from the ATD program entirely).

The United States is not alone in increasing the use of ATDs following an increase in numbers of migrants seeking asylum. Countries across Europe have implemented a variety of different ATD models. Multiple studies carried out internationally have confirmed that case management ATDs are effective at both ensuring compliance and helping stabilize newly arrived migrants in an unfamiliar country. These studies have also shown that community-forward programming can be even more effective than compliance-forward programming, helping individuals to take charge of their own case and navigate the immigration system with confidence.

ATD services continue to evolve and improve. In FY 2021, Congress first funded the creation of a new Case Management Pilot Program (CMPP), to be operated by CRCL within DHS and funded through FEMA, rather than through ICE. The program is also managed by a board made up of CRCL and various nonprofit organizations. CMPP is designed to route case management services directly through community-based nonprofit organizations which are more familiar with the services available to immigrants and better equipped to assist new immigrants.

As Title 42 is set to lift, and more people are likely to be released, there is a critical need for DHS to expand its case management services in response. These services will permit DHS to best ensure compliance with immigration court and ICE check-in requirements while also helping ensure that migrants are able to integrate into new communities with a minimum of disruption.

Begin Clearing Immigration Court Backlogs through the Use of Prosecutorial Discretion and Administrative Closure

Background

Over the last decade, the immigration court backlog has grown over 530 percent, rising from 327,693 cases through September 2012 to 1,874,336 cases through January 2023. During that period, the number of immigration judges adjudicating cases only rose 137 percent, from 267 to 659. There are now over 2,840 cases per immigration judge, compared to less than 1,250 per judge in 2013 (see Figure 4). With the current pace of arrivals at the U.S.-Mexico border, the immigration court backlog will likely continue to grow unless radical new action is taken.

In FY 2022, immigration judges completed 313,849 cases, an all-time record. However, that year 706,640 new cases were filed in immigration court, increasing the overall backlog by nearly 400,000 despite record completions. Even if completions continued at the current rate, and even if the pace of new arrivals plummeted and new cases dropped to their lowest level in the last 15 years (193,006 in FY 2015), it would still take 16 years to clear the backlog. Even if not a single new case was added to the system, it would take more than five and a half years for the backlog to be cleared.

This is why, although hiring judges and streamlining proceedings will help to slow the growth of the backlog, these incremental measures alone will not shrink the backlog in any reasonable period of time. To increase efficiency, reduce the amount of time that it takes for asylum claims to be resolved, and make a better use of taxpayer resources, the federal government can and must consider policies to clear the current backlog of cases without individualized adjudication of every single claim.

Construct New Regional Processing Centers for Migrants

Background

Prior recommendations have focused on expanding organizational capacity for border agencies as well as creating new policies and systems to expedite processing. However, processing at the border must occur at a physical location, and there is widespread agreement that the current physical infrastructure in place at the border is insufficient to address modern humanitarian flows. This is largely because much of the border infrastructure was designed for the primary challenge of processing Mexican single adults migrating to the United States for work, who could historically be processed and returned to Mexico within a matter of hours. Today, much of this physical infrastructure is out of date.

When Central American families first began seeking asylum in large numbers in 2014, they were nearly all taken to Border Patrol facilities not designed for children and asylum seekers. Overcrowding in Border Patrol stations has been a frequent problem during times of high migration and has persisted across multiple presidential administrations.

In response to these concerns, litigation, and Congressional exhortation in early 2019 to adopt “more permanent plans” to improve the treatment of migrants in custody, CBP has made changes. The agency has invested in the construction of multiple “soft-sided” facilities, temporary structures designed to alleviate overcrowding without requiring new permanent construction. However, the temporary nature of these facilities makes them at best a stopgap measure, and soft-sided facilities are not a substitute for permanent infrastructure which is custom-designed to address challenges relating to the efficient, safe, and humane processing of protection claimants.

Today, Border Patrol facilities still operate largely outside the public eye, without any right of access for lawyers, loved ones, or organizations that assist migrants. There is not even a way for people outside of a Border Patrol facility to know if a specific person is held inside, leaving some people out of contact with their loved ones for days at a time. For many migrants, Border Patrol custody is still the place where a dream of freedom becomes a world of jail cells — where a single legal error, a word mistranslated, or a procedure not followed can mean the difference between safety or harm.

Current border infrastructure is also designed to respond only to the needs of Customs and Border Protection, and there is often no physical space permitting systematic collaboration with other agencies that play a role in border processing, such as ORR or ICE, or with nonprofit organizations which can assist migrants after release. Other agencies that play a role in migrant processing often do not have any interactions with migrants until after they have already left CBP custody. This can have a negative impact not just on migration management, but also on migrants, and especially unaccompanied children who arrive at the border with an accompanying non-parental relative. Advocates have long called on the government to embed ORR caseworkers in CBP facilities so that the agency can ensure that accompanying non-parental relatives can be designated as a child’s formal legal sponsor, avoiding costly and harmful separations.

In recognition of the value of multi-agency processing, the FY 2022 omnibus appropriations bill provided $150 million to DHS to construct two permanent facilities near the border. This allocation provides an opportunity to design facilities that can help CBP and ICE better integrate their operations, thereby reducing costs and time spent in CBP custody for individuals while returning agents to other critical duties. It remains unclear where DHS intends to build these new permanent facilities.

Recommendations for Executive Action

Congress’s acknowledgment that new permanent infrastructure is needed is a positive development. However, two facilities alone are likely insufficient for current migratory flows. Therefore, we propose that CBP build at least six new facilities in the following Border Patrol sectors:

• San Diego Sector
• Yuma Sector
• Tucson Sector
• El Paso Sector
• Del Rio Sector
• Rio Grande Valley Sector

Once migrants are taken into CBP custody, the agency should transfer them to one of these regional processing centers for the first step in their journey through the asylum process. These processing centers should be semi-custodial facilities designed to centralize DHS processing of migrants and provide critical education for migrants on the U.S. asylum process and their compliance obligations. Individuals would only be held in custody for necessary initial CBP and ICE processing, and then be released to the non-custodial portions of the facilities for the provision of services and further support.

These facilities must be constructed in a way that provides dignity and humane conditions for all who go through them, with beds, showers, access to phones, hot food, and other similar essentials built into the facility. When a migrant first arrives at a regional processing center, they would be kept in CBP custody for initial processing, including the collection of biometrics, database checks, and the initial interview process by CBP (creation of an I-213). Individuals could be held in DHS custody at this point for a maximum period of 72 hours, or no longer than is necessary to complete initial processing, whichever is shorter. After CBP identifies a person as an unaccompanied child, ORR (co-located at the facility) would carry out any required trafficking screening and begin the sponsorship and placement process for unaccompanied children as soon as possible. Should any child arrive with a family member who is not a parent or legal guardian (thus requiring the child to be designated as unaccompanied), ORR could work to ensure that the accompanying adult is designated the child’s sponsor, thereby ensuring no family is separated.

If the person or family indicates a desire to seek asylum, they would be transferred to the non-custodial side of the facility after processing is complete for an orientation about the asylum process, to be carried out by nonprofit organizations. Although this portion of the process would be optional, families and others seeking asylum would be strongly encouraged to remain at the facilities for at least 48 to 72 hours to provide sufficient time for orientation to the U.S. immigration and asylum systems.

Ideally, nonprofits co-located on site would assist people in finding transportation to their ultimate destinations and begin the process of case management. If no such nonprofit can be located, then officials at the center should establish a transportation and case management protocol to assist the most vulnerable to travel to their ultimate destination. For those migrants who do not have an intended location, the federal government should coordinate with receiving communities to ensure that a person can travel to a location where they will be able to get on their feet in a short period of time through the provision of emergency direct assistance. Any contracts issued through this process should be open and go through a standard procurement process, like the process by which Legal Orientation Program providers in ICE detention are contracted.

Notably, if there is no political will for entirely non-custodial processing options post-CBP, under the new asylum procedures regulation some individuals may go through the credible fear process in these facilities. We believe that credible fear screenings carried out at the border are inherently flawed and will likely lead to many individuals with strong asylum claims being prevented from accessing the asylum process. However, if the government should nonetheless move forward with an expansion of credible fear processing at the border in a regional processing center, DHS should at the very minimum ensure that:

• Life and death legal interviews must not take place without counsel . Therefore, all those given credible fear interviews must be provided full counsel for their interview at the earliest moment in the process, not just access to legal orientation. Any person who cannot afford their own counsel should be provided one by the federal government. Attorneys must be permitted in-person access if requested, and virtual access otherwise.
• No credible fear interviews should be carried out without providing the asylum seeker an orientation to the credible fear process and sufficient time to physically and mentally prepare for the interview, which should be at minimum 72 hours.
• If immigration judge review is also carried out at the facilities by EOIR, judges must be physically located at the regional processing centers and carry out the review in person.
• Individuals must be permitted to wear their own clothing and present themselves with dignity throughout the process. CBP should also make every effort to ensure that individuals are not separated from their belongings (within reasonable limits and excluding contraband), given that many migrants arrive at the border while carrying physical evidence relating to their asylum claims.
• DHS must implement a screening process to ensure that individuals with heightened vulnerabilities or mental competency concerns are not forced to go through the credible fear process at the border and are instead given alternate options to access the asylum process.

In the FY 2022 omnibus spending bill, Congress appropriated $150 million for two Joint Processing Centers to be operated by DHS. These facilities are currently intended to be opened in the Del Rio and Yuma sectors. We believe that DHS should model these Joint Processing Centers on the principles we have laid out in this section.

Importantly, in building and operating these facilities, the administration must ensure robust oversight of these facilities and their operations. DHS should task the Office of Immigration Detention Oversight (OIDO) to establish a permanent oversight position at each facility. Similarly, DHS should ensure that OIDO and CRCL are able to provide recommendations during the initial planning phase, and that CRCL continues to monitor the facility.

Prepare for and Terminate Title 42 Once Legally Permitted

Background

Since March 2020, the United States has carried out over 2.5 million expulsions under Title 42, an obscure 1893 public health law that the Trump administration invoked in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals who are expelled under Title 42 are almost entirely denied a chance to seek asylum or any humanitarian protection, barring a limited exception for individuals who affirmatively and spontaneously assert a fear of torture in the country to which they would be expelled that is deemed reasonable by the processing Border Patrol agent.

Title 42 has not only had a deleterious impact on the right to asylum, it has also failed as a border management policy. As senior government officials (including the Border Patrol Chief) have acknowledged, Title 42 has led to a massive increase in repeat border crossings. Since Title 42 began, nearly one in every three border encounters was of a person on their second or higher failed attempt to cross the border, accounting for more than 1.25 million repeat border encounters in total. Some individuals have crossed the border dozens of times. Data produced under the Freedom of Information Act reveals that one person was caught and expelled 71 times in 2021, including one 24-hour period where the person was expelled four times. As a result, “encounter” numbers inflated by Title 42 paint a distorted picture of the number of people crossing the border.

Title 42 has also severely impacted the ability of migrants to seek asylum in a safe and orderly manner by restricting access to the ports of entry as a method to seek asylum. Many asylum seekers, facing an indefinite wait for Title 42 to end and unable to remain in dangerous conditions in northern Mexico, choose instead to cross the border and turn themselves in to the Border Patrol. This further increases the strain on DHS and drives up perceptions of chaos.

Ending Title 42 will not only reduce the overall number of repeat crossings, but it will also help restore a functional asylum system that is accessible at the ports of entry. Further extending Title 42, on the other hand, is a guarantee of continued border chaos.

Currently, Title 42 will sunset on May 11, the date on which the COVID-19 public health emergency is set to expire. However, the GOP states whose lawsuit kept Title 42 in effect have indicated that they intend to take legal action to prevent the Title 42 from terminating on that date.

The Biden administration has indicated that, when Title 42 terminates (on May 11 or a future date), it intends to surge resources to the border to increase Title 8 processing of asylum seekers. Specifically, the administration plans to significantly increase the use of expedited removal, and institute a new regulation creating a “rebuttable presumption” against asylum for any individual (1) who does not enter (a) at a port of entry via CBP One or (b) through a parole program and (2) who has not previously applied for and been denied asylum in a transit country. Although the administration has repeatedly rejected parallels to the Trump administration’s unlawful 2019 “asylum transit ban,” the proposed regulation mirrors the Trump-era ban in many significant ways.

In January 2023, the Border Patrol conducted a test of post-Title 42 processing for Mexican nationals which involved the resumption of pre-expedited removal “voluntary return” practices from the 1990s, in which “approximately 11,000” Mexican nationals were offered the option of being placed into full removal proceedings (likely while detained) or the chance to voluntarily return to Mexico without receiving a deportation order. Reportedly, only 292 individuals declined voluntary return. CBP has previously labeled voluntary returns a “least effective and efficient” deterrence policy, yet in practice it would allow the administration to mostly replicate the effect of Title 42 for Mexican nationals.

Fund Representation for Individuals Facing Deportation Who Cannot Afford to Pay a Lawyer

Background

The asylum process is complicated and difficult even for the most well-educated layperson to understand. Asylum seekers themselves often struggle to navigate the system. Many individuals with meritorious claims are denied asylum solely because they were forced to proceed without legal representation. Representation alone can significantly increase the chance that a person wins their case. Unfortunately, as of February 2023 just 40.6 percent of respondents in removal proceedings were represented by a lawyer. And while increased case management services for asylum seekers may help those who can’t afford a lawyer find pro bono or nonprofit attorneys, referrals aren’t helpful if those lawyers have no capacity to take additional cases.

Even the act of filing an asylum application itself can be difficult without a lawyer. For individuals who are not placed through the Biden administration’s new asylum program, filing an application requires completing Form I-589, Application for Asylum and/or Withholding of Removal, in English, and generally within the first year of arrival. The difficulty of completing this task without a lawyer is indicated by the fact that 78 percent of individuals who successfully file an asylum application in removal proceedings are represented by counsel.

Access to counsel also serves important governmental interests. It has been shown to ensure compliance with obligations imposed on individuals released at the border, such as appearing in court. It can reduce costs to the government by decreasing the need for continuances while immigrants seek counsel or prepare applications, reducing the overall number of hearings necessary to bring a case to completion. Access to counsel can also help migrants and receiving communities, by providing people a powerful advocate on their side who can help them navigate unfamiliar bureaucratic systems. When combined with increased case management services as discussed above, access to counsel will help migrants participate fully in the asylum process while maintaining a higher level of stability in their personal lives.

Establish a FEMA-Based Emergency Migration Fund

Background

One of the United States’ biggest challenges in responding to extraordinary migration events at the border has been a lack of funding, especially regarding transportation and care of asylum seekers and unaccompanied children. Agencies have been required to spend significantly more funding than necessary to build temporary facilities, hire contractors, and respond to increased migration through emergency spending that cuts into the agency’s normal budget priorities.

While EFSP and the new Shelter and Services Program provide flexible funding sources for NGOs and state and local governments, no similar fund exists for the federal government itself. This has required DHS to repeatedly shift money from other sources to fund emergency requirements or go to Congress seeking emergency funding. Any additional Congressional funding is often delayed and subject to politicization, and thus less flexible than necessary.

Concern about the agency’s consistent trouble accessing funding during times of high migration is not new, and some proposals have already been put forward to address this issue. For example, in 2019, the Bipartisan Policy Center proposed the creation of an “Immigration FEMA,” which would not only permit the government to unlock specific funding during times of high migration but would also unlock other immigration-related authorities to expedite asylum processing.

Create New Legal Pathways to Immigration

Lock Cards

Problem

We need to update our legal immigration system

Communities throughout the country struggle with a lack of workers, despite many people wanting to immigrate to the U.S.. This has led to escalating backlogs and desperate people taking dangerous journeys to the US-Mexico border. Without robust immigration, we risk losing out to other countries who have become top destinations for the best and the brightest.

Solution

A twofold strategy to increase pathways for legal immigration.

Congress should create more temporary worker programs that would allow people to travel to the U.S. to work legally. This would include strong worker protections.

The government should maintain and expand targeted parole programs. These pathways for humanitarian immigration give migrants a way to access the U.S. without having to cross the southern border and seek asylum.

Result

Reduced irregular migration and a boost to the U.S. economy

At a time of significant labor shortages in the United States, expanding access to legal immigration would be a strong net benefit to the economy. Without congressional action, there is only so much that any one president
can do.

Background

People choose to cross the southwest border for a wide variety of reasons. Many are fleeing dangerous situations in their homelands and view this country as a place where they can be safe, even though the asylum system is a narrow one and the protections it offers excludes many people who legitimately fear for their lives. Others may not have a fear of persecution in their home countries, but instead are just seeking a better life and opportunity in the United States—something that has brought tens of millions of people to this country over the last century.

But would those individuals choose to cross the border irregularly if they had another option? Studies have consistently shown that increased access to alternative migration avenues to immigrate through lawful channels will reduce demand to migrate through irregular pathways. However, for the overwhelming majority of migrants seeking to come to the United States, no legal pathways are available.

Unfortunately, despite the urgent need for reforms, the United States has not made any major changes to the legal immigration system since the Immigration Act of 1990. In the decades since then, backlogs and delays have proliferated throughout the system. As a result, the small number of people who qualify to obtain immigration status in the United States often must spend thousands of dollars and years of effort to obtain permission to immigrate. The United States will not thrive if we continue to use a 20th century immigration system to deal with 21st century problems. Faced with a lack of legal pathways, it is no surprise that many people choose to migrate through other means.

Targeted parole programs and alternate pathways can reduce the need for irregular migration and benefit individuals who are seeking safety or a better life in the United States but do not have any method of accessing the country other than the asylum system at the southern border. This has been demonstrated by the success of programs like Uniting for Ukraine. In the first seven months after the program was unveiled in April 2022, more than 171,000 Americans agreed to sponsor a Ukrainian for parole, 121,000 applications were granted, and 85,000 Ukrainians entered the country as parolees.

Further building on that success, in January 2023 the Biden administration announced a new program with equal promise for the private sponsorship of refugees, known as the Welcome Corps. This concept is not new; since 1979, Canada has run its Private Sponsorship of Refugees program to permit community groups and Canadian citizens to volunteer to provide up to a year of financial and integration support to new refugees. The Welcome Corps will complement the traditional U.S. refugee resettlement process by allowing groups of at least five individuals to individually sponsor a refugee already approved under the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program, agreeing to financially support them and help them adjust to life in the United States during their first year.

However, parole or formal refugee status should not become a substitute for asylum. In January 2023, the Biden administration announced a reciprocal agreement with Mexico allowing DHS to expel up to 30,000 Venezuelans, Cubans, Haitians, and Nicaraguans per month to Mexico under Title 42, in exchange for the United States agreeing to admit 30,000 of those nationals per month through parole. This followed a more limited program aimed specifically at Venezuelan migrants which began in October 2022. Under both programs, any individual who crosses the border of Panama, Mexico, or the United States without permission is barred from seeking parole.

The Biden administration has touted a 97 percent drop in Border Patrol crossings for individuals subject to these new restrictions. It remains to be seen whether this impact will be long-term.

As shown by Figure 5 the impact of this “carrot and stick” approach on Venezuelans has been significant. Border Patrol apprehensions of Venezuelan migrants dropped 96 percent from 33,749 in September 2022 to 1,451 in January 2023. However, the overall number of Venezuelans encountered remained steady at approximately 15,000 from November 2022 through February 2023 as Venezuelans increasingly sought asylum at ports of entry or arrived through the humanitarian parole program. This has largely shown the success of the program at reducing irregular entries, while maintaining alternate paths for arrivals.

In January 2023, a coalition of Republican-led states sued the Biden administration, seeking to terminate the program as unlawful. As a result, the long-term health of the program remains considerably uncertain.

Expand Domestic and International Refugee and Asylum Processing Capacity in Latin America with the Support of UNHCR

Background

The United States is not the only nation that has witnessed a significant expansion of asylum and refugee applications in recent years. In 2021, Mexico recorded the highest number of asylum applications in the history of the country. Similarly, Costa Rica recorded an unprecedented increase in Nicaraguan asylum seekers in 2021, as political oppression in that country has driven thousands to leave and seek safety elsewhere. In South America, more than seven million refugees have left Venezuela in recent years, with millions remaining in surrounding countries under various forms of legal status. Colombia is currently hosting almost 2.5 million Venezuelan refugees, with 700,000 arriving in the last two years alone.

In June 2022, the United States signed the Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection, a historic hemispheric agreement reached with 21 different nations. The declaration acknowledges that “irregular international migration requires a regional approach,” and emphasizes a “spirit of collaboration, solidarity, and shared responsibility among States.” However, despite talk of “a shared approach,” on a per capita basis the United States accepts far fewer refugees than many other countries in the region.

Currently, the Biden administration has committed to accepting just 20,000 refugees from Latin America and the Caribbean in FY 2023 and FY 2024. Through funding for the United Nations and the International Organization for Migration, the United States does provide some support to other countries which house migrants and refugees. However, “migration assistance” often takes the form of efforts to enhance border security and immigration enforcement measures in transit countries.

Bring Asylum Law into the 21st Century

Background

Modern asylum and humanitarian protection laws are built off the framework of the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Conceived in the years following the Holocaust, the Refugee Convention and the later 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees define asylum and refugee protection narrowly to include only those individuals who are subject to persecution on account of “race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” When the United States codified asylum into law in the Refugee Act of 1980, it adopted this framework, limiting asylum only to individuals who fall within those categories.

In the modern era, there are many people seeking humanitarian protections in the United States who may not qualify under this narrow definition, either because of the identity of their persecutors or because the harms they are fleeing do not fall within this framework (as interpreted by administrative and federal courts). Under domestic asylum law, immigration judges may simultaneously conclude that a person is likely to be killed if deported to their home country, and that the person nevertheless does not qualify for asylum because they will be killed for the wrong reason, or by the wrong person.

Other countries have recognized these gaps and adopted expanded definitions of refugee status. For example, 14 countries, including Mexico, have adopted provisions of the 1984 Cartagena Declaration of Refugees which includes additional grounds for refugee protections for individuals who have “fled their country because their life, safety, or freedom was threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflict, massive human rights violations, or other circumstances that have gravely disturbed public order.”

Conclusion

Over the last decade, the number of people displaced from their homes has grown to record levels throughout the entire world, with 31.7 million refugees and asylum seekers and 53.2 million internally displaced people globally by the end of 2021. Climate change and extreme weather events are more likely than not to further increase the number of displaced people. The United States is far from the only, or even the most common, country in which displaced people are seeking refuge in the 21st century. But despite the tremendous power and wealth of the federal government, and the importance of the country's self-image as a haven for the dispossessed and a “beacon of freedom” to people around the world, the United States has so far abdicated leadership in facing this challenge.

We have spent the last decade doubling down on ineffective and increasingly cruel deterrence-based policies rather than responding to the changing realities at the border. Billions of dollars that could have been spent on building adjudicatory capacity has instead been spent on border walls and other measures which have completely failed to address the underlying problems.

If we change our approach—if the United States abandons the deterrence-focused mindset in favor of managing humanitarian flows in safe, fair, efficient, and predictable ways—we can regain that leadership. Not only will the United States better manage its own borders, but it can demonstrate to other countries what a functional system looks like — in the long run, giving asylum seekers more options to resettle in than they currently have.

Going forward, we must respond to increased migration through a massive increase in asylum processing at ports of entry, additional support to CBP’s humanitarian processing between ports of entry, backlog reduction throughout the system, and funding for USCIS and the immigration court system to expand access to counsel and protect due process while providing an orderly and efficient pathway to protection. In the medium and long term, we must focus on building permanent humanitarian processing capacity at the southern border, further expanding asylum processing within USCIS to prevent the growth of new backlogs, creating flexible funding for emergency migration events, increasing legal migration pathways, and addressing the root causes of migration.

Key to all these solutions is a need to be flexible and to respond from a processing-first viewpoint, designed to reduce the arbitrariness and confusion that currently exist at the border. Rather than focus only on temporary reductions of the number of people crossing the border, we need to address the longstanding shortfalls of the system and be prepared to accept higher numbers of migrants in a humane and orderly fashion.

The United States has done much harder things than this. The key is acknowledging the problem we are trying to solve: rebuilding a functional humanitarian system at the border and beyond.