The Biden Administration’s Proposed Regulation On Asylum Bars: An Analysis

On May 9, 2024, the Department of Homeland Security announced a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, published here, which would allow asylum officers to reject a subset of asylum seekers earlier in the process based on several factors that are currently considered only once an asylum seeker has a full hearing before an immigration judge. 

Like the Biden administration’s 2023 Circumvention of Lawful Pathways regulation, this proposed regulation puts more weight on initial screening interviews conducted by an asylum officer after a person has been taken into custody by an immigration official. The proposal would make the interviews harder for some asylum seekers to pass (and thus be given a full hearing). This “credible fear” screening is already an opaque step in the asylum process, in which asylum seekers have essentially no access to lawyers or the ability to present evidence. At the same time, given the limited number of asylum officers available to carry out credible fear interviews, relatively few people who cross the U.S./Mexico border are currently being subjected to screening interviews instead of simply receiving notices to appear before an immigration judge. 

As a result, this regulation would increase the risks of erroneous denials of asylum seekers while making the asylum process more inefficient and inconsistent. While it would likely apply to a relatively small population of asylum seekers, the proposed regulation would represent a step in the wrong direction. 

What the Proposed Regulation Would Do 

The proposed regulation affects the screening interviews that asylum seekers are entitled to if the government is trying to deport them without a hearing (a process known as “expedited removal”). This interview is supposed to determine how likely it is that the asylum seeker will ultimately be found eligible for protection in the U.S. by an immigration judge, based on the persecution or torture they suffered or would suffer in their home country.  

The standard the asylum seeker must meet in order to pass the interview and get a full hearing of their case depends on the circumstances. Officially, there are two types of screening interviews: a “credible fear interview” for people who would be eligible for asylum, and a “reasonable fear interview” for people who would be ineligible for asylum under U.S. law but might be eligible for lesser forms of protection that do not provide a path to permanent residency and citizenship but do allow someone to stay in the country. Under a 2023 regulation, most asylum seekers who enter the U.S. between ports of entry are subject to a higher standard in their credible fear interviews. The proposed regulation affects each of these processes. 

Under current law, there are several potential “bars” to asylum (triggers that make someone ineligible) that an asylum officer does not consider in the screening interview when deciding whether a person passes or fails. Instead, if a person passes the interview, it is the job of the immigration judge to consider whether these bars apply. The newly proposed regulation allows the asylum officer to consider some of these bars in their screening interviews. The asylum officer does not have to consider the bars when making a decision; it is left up to their discretion. 

These are the bars that could now be considered in the screening interview: 

If the asylum officer chooses to consider these bars and believes that one or more applies, the burden of proof is on the asylum seeker to prove otherwise.  

The bars that can now be considered during screening interviews are some of the most opaque and complex in immigration law, itself an opaque and complex area of law. Questions such as whether the applicant engaged in persecution, or in material support of a terrorist organization, have decades of case law attached to them. Lawyers and advocates have long raised concerns about these bars, which can be applied in an unfair and arbitrary fashion and are often based on evidence obtained from foreign governments, which immigration officials in the United States cannot independently verify and may be inaccurate.

In the context of a screening interview, in which an asylum seeker almost never has a lawyer present (and usually has not been able to consult with a lawyer at all) and almost never has the ability to present evidence (since they are still in custody after crossing the U.S./Mexico border), these questions become all the harder to answer with confidence. 

The Department of Homeland Security notes that relatively few people are flagged in screening interviews, as currently conducted, for potentially triggering one of these bars: two to four percent of credible fear interviews were flagged each fiscal year since 2020, and 14 to 20 percent of reasonable fear interviews were flagged during that period. If the regulation goes into effect and asylum officers are empowered to consider these bars and pursue lines of questioning during the interview to determine whether they could apply, it is possible that rate would increase—and could include erroneous denials of deserving claimants. 

The Biden administration’s proposal implies that there is an easily identifiable population of people who officials know will be ineligible for asylum but are forced to pass through screening interviews anyway. However, because of the opacity of the screening interview process and the discretion given to asylum officers, it is impossible to verify this. While the guidance given to asylum officers once the regulation is finalized will be essential in determining how the new policy is applied, its effects will necessarily be opaque and unaccountable to the public.